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This study provides insight into the role of these factors by investigating the interaction between letter sequence recognition accuracy, letter string length and report condition. Letter sequence recognition accuracy for trigrams and pentagrams were measured in 10 adult subjects for two report conditions. In the complete report condition subjects reported all 3 or all 5 letters comprising trigrams and pentagrams, respectively.
In the partial report condition, subjects reported only a single letter in the trigram or pentagram. Letters were presented for ms and rendered in high contrast, using black lowercase Courier font that subtended 0.
Letter sequence recognition accuracy was consistently higher for trigrams compared to pentagrams especially for letter positions away from fixation. While partial report increased recognition accuracy in both string length conditions, the effect was larger for pentagrams, and most evident for the final letter positions within trigrams and pentagrams.
Higher-level visual memory functions memory load and decay play a role in letter sequence recognition accuracy. There is also suggestion of additional delays imposed on memory encoding by crowded letter elements.
All rights reserved. Full Text Available The recently renewed scholarly interest in historical letters and letter writing has given rise to several studies which explore the culture of epistolarity from different perspectives. The article offers an introduction to recent scholarship on epistolary discourse and practices in early modern culture. Given the importance of letters as data for several types of diachronic investigation, the article focuses on three points that are crucial for an understanding of the relevance of epistolary discourse itself in early modern European culture.
Firstly, letters are invaluable data for historical linguistics, to which they provide information for the history of languages, and sociohistorical and sociolinguistic research. A second recent field of investigation considers letters as documents and material items; the results of research in this area have contributed to the reconstruction of official relationships and information exchanges in past cultures and shed light on social interaction.
A third, more traditional area of study, deals with the letter as a form that has given rise to many different genres across the centuries, both practical and literary.
Effect of orthographic processes on letter -identity and letter -position encoding in dyslexic children. Full Text Available The ability to identify letters and encode their position is a crucial step of the word recognition process. However and despite their word identification problem, the ability of dyslexic children to encode letter -identity and letter -position within strings was not systematically investigated.
This study aimed at filling this gap and further explored how letter identity and letter position encoding is modulated by letter context in developmental dyslexia. For this purpose, a letter -string comparison task was administered to French dyslexic children and two chronological-age CA and reading-age RA-matched control groups.
Children had to judge whether two successively and briefly presented 4- letter -strings were identical or different. Letter -position and letter -identity were manipulated through the transposition e. RMGT or substitution of two letters e.
Non-words, pseudo-words and words were used as stimuli to investigate sub-lexical and lexical effects on letter encoding. Dyslexic children showed both substitution and transposition detection problems relative to CA controls. A substitution advantage over transpositions was only found for words in dyslexic children whereas it extended to pseudo-words in RA controls and to all type of items in CA controls. Letters were better identified in the dyslexic group when belonging to orthographically familiar strings.
Letter position encoding was very impaired in dyslexic children who did not show any word context effect in contrast to CA controls. Overall, the current findings point to a strong letter identity and letter position encoding disorder in developmental dyslexia. Three-gluon exchange dominates at large t, and single-pomeron exchange at small t.
The dip seen in high-energy pp scattering is provided by the interference of both of these with double-pomeron exchange. PAVER 6. Visual inspection survey is conducted to investigate the type, severity level, and extent of failure at sections and sample unites of selected roads.
The area under study had The data collection is achieved for a total of road sections in; 20 Major arterials, 28 Minor arterials, 14 Collectors, and 47 Local sections. Also, analysis and prediction of the PCI curve for different sections are determined for different design lives. This cross section increases less with energy than the phase-space. These experimental results give an energy dependence which is not well reproduced by the theoretical predictions. Dividing attention across multiple words occasionally results in misidentifications whereby letters apparently migrate between words.
Previous studies have found that letter migrations preserve within-word letter position, which has been interpreted as support for position-specific letter coding. To investigate this issue, the authors used word….
Analysis of reliability of professor recommendation letters based on concordance with self-introduction letter. The purpose of this study was to examine the concordance between a checklist's categories of professor recommendation letters and characteristics of the self-introduction letter. Checklists of professor recommendation letters were analyzed and classified into cognitive, social, and affective domains. Simple correlation was performed to determine whether the characteristics of the checklists were concordant with those of the self-introduction letter.
The difference in ratings of the checklists by pass or fail grades was analyzed by independent sample t-test. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether a pass or fail grade was influenced by ratings on the checklists. The Cronbach alpha value of the checklists was 0. Initiative, as an affective domain, in the professor's recommendation letter was highly ranked among the six checklist categories.
Self-directed learning in the self-introduction letter was influenced by a pass or fail grade by logistic regression analysis pprofessor recommendation letters and the sum of all characteristics in the self-introduction letter. The mixing was done in Laboplastomill at the temperature of o C, and screw speed of 20 rpm, for 5 minutes. Electron beam irradiation at the dose of 5, 10, 30, and 50 kGy was carried out to accelerate the matrix oxidation is accelerated.
Full Text Available In the most general sense, lettering is the art of drawing letters , in which the letter forms carry illustrtive features. In this research which is titled "An Analysis on Legibility in Letterings Used in Print Advertisements", letterings used in and specially designed for print ads are analysed and their contribution to the ads are examined.
Legibility, which is the fundamental function of writing and typography is examined in the field of lettering that has an illustrative approach. Keywords: Lettering , print advertisements, letter design, illustration, legibility.
Randomized comparison of deliverability and in-hospital complications in implantation of BxSonic R , Express R , and Flexmaster R coronary stents. The groups were well matched with regard to age, sex, diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension Having trouble with your credit card debt?
Below you will find examples of hardship letters. There are several things to consider when writing a credit card hardship letter. A hardship letter is the first step to letting the credit card company know that things are bad. This free credit card hardship letter sample is only a guide in order to start the negotiation. Credit card debt hardship letter example, hardship letter to credit card.
If you are having trouble paying off your debt and need Critical contrastive rhetoric: The influence of L2 letter writing instruction on L1 letter writing. Full Text Available The present study employed critical contrastive rhetoric to investigate the L2 to L1 transfer of organizational pattern and directness level of speech acts in business complaint letters.
By examining the L1 complaint letters of 30 tourism university students in two phases of study, pre and post instruction of English complaint letter , the study revealed that the rhetorical organization of Persian letters are in a state of hybridity. The post instruction comparison of letters , however, showed a tendency towards applying English conventions both in organization and directness level of complaint speech act in the L1 complaint letters. The results also revealed that after instruction the expert in the field of tourism viewed some letters as inappropriate in terms of politeness which is reflected through some lexical items.
A Letter to Ahmad Khan. The addressee is the famous ruler of the Great Horde, khan Ahmad. Daulat Khan mentioned in the letter is Nur-Davlet. Considering the period of activity of Nur-Davlet in Crimea, presumably the letter was written in Famous researcher of the Crimean Khanate V. Smirnov had already examined the letter and the question of why Ahmad Khan was named the Crimean khan in the title of the letter [2, p. Letter Knowledge in Parent—Child Conversations.
Learning about letters is an important component of emergent literacy. By studying conversations transcribed in CHILDES MacWhinney, between parents and children aged one to five, we found that alphabetic order influenced use of individual letters and letter sequences.
Describing these patterns and how they change over the preschool years offers important insight into the home literacy environment. Letter -transposition effects are not universal: The impact of transposing letters in Hebrew. We examined the effects of letter transposition in Hebrew in three masked-priming experiments.
Hebrew, like English has an alphabetic orthography where sequential and contiguous letter strings represent phonemes. However, being a Semitic language it has a non-concatenated morphology that is based on root derivations. Experiment 1 showed that transposed- letter TL root primes inhibited responses to targets derived from the non-transposed root letters , and that this inhibition was unrelated to relative root frequency.
Experiment 2 replicated this result and showed that if the transposed letters of the root created a nonsense-root that had no lexical representation, then no inhibition and no facilitation were obtained. Finally, Experiment 3 demonstrated that in contrast to English, French, or Spanish, TL nonword primes did not facilitate recognition of targets, and when the root letters embedded in them consisted of a legal root morpheme, they produced inhibition. These results suggest that lexical space in alphabetic orthographies may be structured very differently in different languages if their morphological structure diverges qualitatively.
In Hebrew, lexical space is organized according to root families rather than simple orthographic structure, so that all words derived from the same root are interconnected or clustered together, independent of overall orthographic similarity. Full Text Available Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor uPAR is a multidomain protein that plays important roles in the growth, invasion, and metastasis of a number of cancers. In the present study, we examined the effects of administration of a monoclonal anti-uPAR antibody ATN- on prostate cancer progression in vitro and in vivo.
We examined the effect of treatment of ATN- on human prostate cancer cell invasion, migration, proliferation, and regulation of intracellular signaling pathways. Treatment with ATN- resulted in a significant dose-dependent decrease in PC-3 cell invasion and migration without affecting cell doubling time. In in vivo studies, ATN- caused a significant decrease in tumor volume and a marked reduction in skeletal lesions as determined by Faxitron x-ray and micro-computed tomography.
Results from these studies provide compelling evidence for the continued development of ATN- as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of prostate and other cancers expressing uPAR.
Overt use of a tactile-kinesthetic strategy shifts to covert processing in rehabilitation of letter-by-letter reading. When their letter naming is also impaired, letter-by-letter reading is inaccurate and can render even single word reading very poor. All three patients required the additional practice in phase 2 to achieve significant improvement. Treatment did not target sentence level reading, yet two of the three patients became so adept that they could read entire sentences.
It further demonstrates that this treatment can alter cognitive processing such that words never specifically trained can be read in free vision without overtly using the trained strategy. The data suggest that an important element in achieving. The survey is a part of Posiva Oy's detailed investigation program for the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel.
The assignment included the field work and data processing. The report describes field operation, equipment as well as processing procedures and shows the obtained results and an analysis of their quality in the appendices.
Writing more informative letters of reference. Writing a meaningful and valuable letter of reference is not an easy task. Several factors influence the quality of any letter of reference.
First, the accuracy and reliability of the writer's impressions and judgment depend on how well he knows the individual being described.
Second, the writer's frame of reference, which is determined by the number of persons at the same level that he has worked with, will impact the context and significance of his beliefs and estimations. Third, the letter -writing skills of the person composing the letter will naturally affect the letter. To support the other components of a candidate's application, a letter of reference should provide specific examples of how an individual's behavior or attitude compares to a reference group and should assess "intangibles" that are hard to glean from a curriculum vitae or from test scores.
This report offers suggestions that should help physicians write more informative letters of reference. Letters From Peplau. Hildegard Peplau, considered to be our first modern Nurse theorist and the Mother of Psychiatric Nursing, was a prolific writer, engaging in correspondence with colleagues and students who sought her professional and theoretical expertise.
Through these letters , she influenced psychiatric nursing while maintaining a broad international network of professional colleagues.
An analysis of letters , written between and , provides insights into Peplau's last decade of professional life and a model of how to support the next generation of nurse scholars. Using content analysis, 24 letters received between and were read, reread, and coded. Recurring themes were identified. Three themes were identified. The letters depict Peplau's keen intellect, her wide professional network, her leisure time spent with family and friends, and her own work to assure that her theoretical legacy continued.
Peplau's insights continue to be relevant as psychiatric mental health nursing leaders engage in activities to support the next generation of scholars and leaders.
The legibility of letters and words. However, research indicates Is it possible to create a typeface where both letters and words have a high level of legibility or are those factors so different that they cannot be combined?
Through a literature review Nonwords created by transposing two "adjacent" letters i. This fact poses problems for most computational models of word recognition e. ERP correlates of letter identity and letter position are modulated by lexical frequency. The encoding of letter position is a key aspect in all recently proposed models of visual-word recognition. We analyzed the impact of lexical frequency on letter position assignment by examining the temporal dynamics of lexical activation induced by pseudowords extracted from words of different frequencies.
For each word e. ERPs were recorded while participants read words and pseudowords in two tasks: Semantic categorization Experiment 1 and lexical decision Experiment 2. Behavioral responses in the lexical decision task paralleled this asymmetry.
The present findings impose constraints on computational and neural models of visual-word recognition. The letter knowledge assessment tool. There is a need to develop letter knowledge assessment tools to characterise the letter knowledge in Portuguese pre-schoolers and to compare it with pre-schoolers from other countries, but there are no tools for this purpose in Portugal. This study includes data that has been gathered in two phases: pilot and main study.
In the pilot study, an expert panel of six speech and language pathologists analysed the instrument. Content validity, internal consistency, reliability and contributing factors to performance were examined statistically. A modified Bland-Altman method revealed good agreement amongst evaluators. Significant differences were found between age groups with children increasing their letter knowledge with age. In addition, they were better at identifying than at producing both letter names and letter sounds.
We examined the effects of letter -transposition in Hebrew in three masked-priming experiments. Experiment 1 showed that…. Progesterone-associated proteins PP 12 and PP 14 in the human endometrium. Two proteins, designated as PP 12 and PP 14 were originally isolated from soluble extracts of the human placenta and its adjacent membranes.
Both proteins occur at high concentrations in human amniotic fluid, which is therefore an excellent source for purification. This is identical with that of somatomedin-binding protein purified from the amniotic fluid. Human secretory endometrium synthesizes and secretes PP 12, and progesterone stimulates its secretion. PP 14 is a kDa glycoprotein.
Its N-terminal sequence shows homology to that of beta-lactoglobulins from various species. We have found PP 14 in the human endometrium, serum and milk. In ovulatory menstrual cycles, the concentration of PP 14 increases in endometrial tissue as the secretory changes advance. In serum, the PP 14 concentration begins to rise later than the progesterone levels, and high serum PP 14 levels are maintained for the first days of the next cycle.
By contrast, no elevation of serum PP 14 level is seen in anovulatory cycles. Our results show that progesterone-associated proteins are synthesized by the human endometrium and appear in the peripheral circulation, where they can be quantitatively measured using immunochemical techniques. Letter Dice. Technical Note No.
Letter and syllable dice devised for a project in rural Ecuador provide inexpensive, easily reproducible learning materials for practice in basic literary skills. Eleven wooden cubes with six letters on each cube are cast onto a surface and the player constructs words from the letters on the top side of the dice.
After a word is formed and…. Letter to the parliament:. This piece was a letter directed towards various ministers in the parliament, targeted at raising a discussion on the values in the education of architects in Denmark and various related topics Resource Letter : GW Global warming.
This Resource Letter provides a guide to the literature on the possibility of a human-induced climate change—a global warming. Journal articles and books are cited for the following topics: the Greenhouse Effect, sources of infrared-trapping gases, climate models and their uncertainties, verification of climate models, past climate changes, and economics, ethics, and politics of policy responses to climate change.
The letter I, for intermediate level, indicates material of somewhat more specialized nature, and the letter A indicates rather specialized or advanced material.
Implied reading direction and prioritization of letter encoding. Capacity limits hinder processing of multiple stimuli, contributing to poorer performance for identifying two briefly presented letters than for identifying a single letter.
Higher accuracy is typically found for identifying the letter on the left, which has been attributed to a right-hemisphere dominance for selective attention. Here, we use rapid serial visual presentation RSVP of letters in two locations at once. The letters to be identified are simultaneous and cued by rings.
In the first experiment, we manipulated implied reading direction by rotating or mirror-reversing the letters to face to the left rather than to the right. The left-side performance advantage was eliminated. Again consistent with an effect of implied reading direction, performance was better for the top position in the downward condition, but not in the upward condition.
In both experiments, mixture modeling of participants' report errors revealed that attentional sampling from the two locations was approximately simultaneous, ruling out the theory that the letter on one side was processed first, followed by a shift of attention to sample the other letter.
Thus, the orientation of the letters apparently controls not when the letters are sampled from the scene, but rather the dynamics of a subsequent process, such as tokenization or memory consolidation. Implied reading direction appears to determine the letter prioritized at a high-level processing bottleneck. In some circumstances, a letter or other written form of communication to the contractor may be adequate postaward Early on during word recognition, letter positions are not accurately coded.
Evidence for this comes from transposed- letter TL priming effects, in which letter strings generated by transposing two adjacent letters e. Launch of Zoological Letters.
A new open-access journal, Zoological Letters , was launched as a sister journal to Zoological Science, in January The new journal aims at publishing topical papers of high quality from a wide range of basic zoological research fields. This review highlights the notable reviews and research articles that have been published in the first year of Zoological Letters , providing an overview on the current achievements and future directions of the journal.
In this article, we use the medium of a narrative dialogue to represent and re-examine our reflective letter -writing method. The dialogue draws attention to key features of reflective letter -writing as a collaborative autoethnographic research method and, in so doing, highlights and explores the nature, potential significance, and challenges of this method. Our discussion points to the value of a collaborative process of reflective letter -writing as a way for researchers to access and portray emotional aspects of their research experience, to deepen their engagement with these emotional dimensions, and to gain insight into their own and others' lived research experiences.
The pavement is one of the basic parts of the road infrastructure. The development model is depending on the PCI value of sample sections having The filtering and outlier analysis was done by using a polynomial fourth-degree constrained least squared for statistical process.
The result of the prediction model of PCI shows that it is valid to be used in the prediction of the condition of pavement for the same family type. Stated objectives are to enable students to type a mailable letter ; to inspect,…. Full Text Available Starting from the hypothesis that printed word identification initially involves the parallel mapping of visual features onto location-specific letter identities, we analyze the type of information that would be involved in optimally mapping this location-specific orthographic code onto a location-invariant lexical code.
We assume that some intermediate level of coding exists between individual letters and whole words, and that this involves the representation of letter combinations. We then investigate the nature of this intermediate level of coding given the constraints of optimality. This intermediate level of coding is expected to compress data while retaining as much information as possible about word identity. Information conveyed by letters is a function of how much they constrain word identity and how visible they are.
Optimization of this coding is a combination of minimizing resources using the most compact representations and maximizing information. We show that in a large proportion of cases, non-contiguous letter sequences contain more information than contiguous sequences, while at the same time requiring less precise coding.
Moreover, we found that the best predictor of human performance in orthographic priming experiments was within-word ranking of conditional probabilities, rather than average conditional probabilities. We conclude that from an optimality perspective, readers learn to select certain contiguous and non-contiguous letter combinations as information that provides the best cue to word identity. Writing More Informative Letters of Reference.
Third, the letter Phenomenon: Fourth-year medical students obtain Department of Medicine DOM letters "Chair" letters to support their residency applications. Writing and interpreting DOM letters are challenging. There is heterogeneity in the letters that makes it difficult to both write and read these letters. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of new guidelines developed by a task force of clerkship directors and program directors in internal medicine and assess the implementation of these guidelines.
The Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine performed a cross-sectional survey of internal medicine clerkship directors at U.
In addition, the primary author's institution reviewed 1, DOM letters between and to assess the implementation of these guidelines. DOM letter writers reported the guidelines were better, easier to implement, and more compatible with the purpose of DOM letters than previously. Most letter readers reported that letters using the guidelines were more credible. Writers of DOM letters in lower academic ranks rated the letters with guidelines higher in several domains than those in higher academic ranks.
Readers of DOM letters in higher academic ranks rated the letters with guidelines higher in several domains than those in lower academic ranks. In the DOM letters examined, the odds of meeting each guideline increased with each additional year. However, for 3 guidelines there was an initial decline in adherence from to before increasing again in the recommended length, clerkship description, and detailed narrative guidelines. Letters solely written by a chair were less likely to incorporate the guidelines.
Insights: Clerkship directors often write the DOM letters and identify with the purpose of the guidelines. As writers, lower ranking academic faculty value the guidelines more than higher ranking academic faculty. As readers of DOM letters. A comparison of pp and pp elastic scattering at 90 degrees.
A study of low momentum antiproton-proton interactions in the momentum range 0. An observation of one property of the data when compared with pp elastic scattering within the framework of quark- parton models is presented. The pp and pp systems, related by crossing symmetry, provided significant constraints on any particular model.
Book Review 1. Book Title: Histocompatibility Testing Book Author: P. Terasaki Ed. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. Book Review 2. Book Author: A. Springfield, Ill. Charles C. Investigation of exotic modes of spinning nuclei nearZr Uitgeverij De Arbeiders- pers, Amsterdam, , pp. Met aante- keninge [ pp. In het die skrywer van hierdie studie, op grond van 'n proefskrif oor die doelbewuste aankweek van die Hitlerlegende tot ,.
Maritime Geo-Fence Letter Report. Johnson Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. July Report No. The role of sensorimotor learning in the perception of letter -like forms: tracking the causes of neural specialization for letters.
Functional specialization in the brain is considered a hallmark of efficient processing. It is therefore not surprising that there are brain areas specialized for processing letters. To better understand the causes of functional specialization for letters , we explore the emergence of this pattern of response in the ventral processing stream through a training paradigm.
Previously, we hypothesized that the specialized response pattern seen during letter perception may be due in part to our experience in writing letters. The work presented here investigates whether or not this aspect of letter processing-the integration of sensorimotor systems through writing-leads to functional specialization in the visual system. To test this idea, we investigated whether or not different types of experiences with letter -like stimuli "pseudoletters" led to functional specialization similar to that which exists for letters.
Neural activation patterns were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI before and after three different types of training sessions. Participants were trained to recognize pseudoletters by writing, typing, or purely visual practice. Results suggested that only after writing practice did neural activation patterns to pseudoletters resemble patterns seen for letters.
That is, neural activation in the left fusiform and dorsal precentral gyrus was greater when participants viewed pseudoletters than other, similar stimuli but only after writing experience.
Neural activation also increased after typing practice in the right fusiform and left precentral gyrus, suggesting that in some areas, any motor experience may change visual processing. The results of this experiment suggest an intimate interaction among perceptual and motor systems during pseudoletter perception that may be extended to everyday letter perception.
The production of pigments as secondary metabolites by microbes is known to vary by species and by physiological conditions within a single strain.
The fungus strain Penicillium purpurogenum IAM has been found to produce violet pigment PP -V and orange pigment PP -O ,Monascus azaphilone pigment homologues, when grown under specific culture conditions. The pigment production pattern of five strains cultivated in PP -V production medium was similar to that of strain IAM, and all violet pigments produced by these five strains were confirmed to be PP -V. Strains that did not produce pigment were also identified.
Based on these results, two hypotheses for the alteration of pigment production of P. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Full Text Available The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor uPAR plays a role in tumor progression and has been proposed as a target for the treatment of cancer.
We recently described the development of a novel humanized monoclonal antibody that targets uPAR and has anti-tumor activity in multiple xenograft animal tumor models. This antibody, ATN- , does not inhibit ligand binding i. Guided by comparisons between primate and human uPAR, epitope mapping studies were performed using several orthogonal techniques.
Systematic site directed and alanine scanning mutagenesis identified the region of aa of uPAR as the epitope for ATN- No known function has previously been attributed to this epitope Structural insights into epitope recognition were obtained from structural studies of the Fab fragment of ATN- bound to uPAR. It also includes commonly used serological tests, mycological and viral culture and identification technique.
High standards of laboratory safety and containment that will ensure healthy working conditions for student, laboratory staff and protection of the environment must be of the greatest priority. They can only be achieved by careful study of the principles involved followed by practical application to premises, facilities, operating procedures and hygiene. Orientations or short term training must be given to all students and laboratory personnel before they are entirely allowed to use the laboratory.
Amro mannaa. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Biotechniques Theory and Practice eBook.
Xaplanteri, G. Lagoumintzis, G. Dimitracopoulos, F. Pattern recognition receptors play an important role in protection against pathogens linking innate and adaptive immunity. In this study we sought to investigate the role of different pattern recognition receptors to inflammatory pathway triggered by P.
To this end, we have treated human monocytes with P. An isotype matching, nonspecific antibody was used as negative control. Comparable levels of inhibition were obtained when monocytes were stimulated by P. Our results suggest that TLR2 or mannose receptor-mediated pathway could be a specific target for inhibition of inflammatory responses triggered by P. Lagoumintzis, P. We have previously shown that P. In this study, using fresh human monocytes stimulated for 15 min-6 h with P. Activation of p38 induced by P.
Our results suggest that P. Bristianou, A. Antonopoulou, D. Plachouras, A. Tzivra, H. Giamarellou, E. Objective: It has already been shown that susceptible and multi-drug-resistant MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa differ on their stimulatory effect on innate immunity Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al. A similar study has been performed on susceptible and MDR E. Method: Seventeen isolates of E.
After incubation of 1 h the monocytes were triggered by a 4. Results: They are given in the figure. Zilbauer, N. Dorrell, J. George, P. Boughan, M. Objectives: Campylobacter jejuni C. Despite the serious health problem caused by the bacterium, disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Bacterial adhesion and invasion of the intestinal epithelium is known to be a critical feature of infection.
Human beta defensins hBDs , a family of epithelial antimicrobial peptides are a major component of innate host defence. We and others have highlighted the role of these peptides during gastrointestinal infection and inflammation.
In the present study we have investigated the role of hBDs during C. The bactericidal activity of recombinant hBD-1, -2 and -3 against wild type and isogenic mutants of C. Results: A marked time-dependent induction of hBD3 was observed with maximal expression at 8 h postinfection. In contrast hBD2 gene expression was modest. Importantly the bacterium was found to be highly susceptible to the antimicrobial action of hBD-3 amongst the peptides tested.
Conclusions: The present study provides evidence for dynamic cross talk between the bacterium and host epithelial innate defence. The potent bactericidal activity of hBD3 may contribute to the self-limiting nature of the infection via enhanced bacterial clearance in a healthy host. Marcano, M. Urrestarazu, N. Serrano, M. Cavazza Porro, D. Ortiz, O. Objectives: The present study intends to understand the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic idiopathic urticaria.
Methods: We studied 30 patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria diagnosed for H. Results: Bacteria was eradicated in all the patients infected, with variable clinical improvement 14 without clinical signs, eight with partial clinical signs ; patients without H.
The eradication of H. Coxiella burnetii , an obligate intracellular parasite of eucaryotic cells, is the aetiological agent of Q fever. The disease is a widespread zoonosis and is endemic throughout the world.
In humans, the acute form of Q fever is characterised as a flue-like illness or atypical pneumonia, or less frequently as granulomatous hepatitits with a significant incidence of neurologic complications. Persistent infections may lead to chronic form of the disease, which may be associated with endocarditis. Human infection is aquired most often by inhalation of contaminated aerosols, or less frequently, by drinking infected milk, infection through skin trauma, sexual contact or mother to fetus transmission.
Upon serial laboratory passages in embryonated hen eggs, C. During the acute Q fever, antibodies against the phase II antigen are detected earlier and at higher titres than those against the phase I antigen. In contrast, titres to phase I antigen are higher during the chronic form of the disease.
We have found that the phase I antibodies are mostly directed against the O-specific chain of the C. A remarkable decrease in the serological activity of the LPS was observed when two unusual sugars virenose Vir and dihydrohydroxystreptose Strep were selectively removed from its O-specific chain.
This indicates that most phase I antibodies are directed against the epitopes containing terminal Vir and Strep. Thus, our results may suggest that Vir and Strep are involved in the immunobiology of the disease. Mild acid treatment of the C. The subsequent, initial proteomic studies have identified the latter protein as the Chaperonin 60 kDa GroEL protein, heat shock protein B.
This protein is localised in cytoplasm of several bacteria but a significant fraction of it is also associated with their cell envelopes. Most likely, the protein has a dual association also in C.
Further peptide mass fingerprinting is in progress. Objectives: Fungal spores are clinically relevant contaminants as they are ubiquitous, inhalable and release mycotoxins. Cell wall structures such as glucans and mannans seem to play an important role in inflammatory processes but no defined structure could be described up to now as responsible for the inflammatory potential of fungi.
In addition to well-known human-pathogenic fungi, like Candida albicans and facultative pathogens, e. Aspergillus fumigatus , nonpathogens — particularly moulds — endanger human health in immunosuppressed patients. Methods: Over 50 different moulds and yeasts were cultured and their spores were prepared in order to measure their inflammatory capacity in comparison to endotoxin from E.
We used a standardised whole blood assay to detect pyrogenic activity of the fungal spores on the basis of release of cytokines, e. Results: We detected considerable differences in the immunological response to spores between different fungal species. We found these differences in cytokine induction between representatives of different fungal genera and between members of the same genus. However, there was a strong correlation between cytokine inductive capacity and estimated total spore surface.
The variance between the response of individuals to fungal spores was greater than that towards endotoxin. Conclusion: Cytokine induction capacity seems to be dependent on the exposed total spore surface rather than on the spore count. Immune recognition does not appear to be centrally dependent on TLR activation. Further studies will attempt to define the role of different surface structures of selected fungal spores in cytokine induction.
Romagnoli, A. Torosantucci, A. Stringaro, P. Chiani, S. Mariotti, G. Arancia, A. Cassone, R. Objectives: To investigate whether the ability of Candida albicans to convert from yeast Y to mycelial forms, through germ-tube GT formation, that is considered a key feature of its transition from commensalism to virulence, could be related to an abnormal human monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells DCs.
After a 6 days culture, cells were analysed for their ultrastructure, phenotype and function. These data indicate that phagocytosis of Y and GT forms have profound and distinct effects on the differentiation pathway of monocytes. These data imply that differentiation of human monocytes is tunable by microorganisms, which may exploit this process to elude immune-surveillance. Durand, M. Brenier-Pinchart, J.
Simon, P. Marche, F. Berger, H. Objective: We have used human astrocyte cultures to investigate the cellular responses of central nervous system resident cells to intracellular Toxoplasma gondii infection. Methods: Human astrocytes ex vivo and human astrocytoma cell lines U, CCF were infected by the virulent RH strain and parasite multiplication and penetration were measured. D was added 45 min before the infection in culture medium. Results: Penetration and multiplication rates of T.
Parasitic infection increased MCP-1 production by astrocytes. Nevertheless, MCP-1 production by astrocytoma cells lines treated by D were decreased compared with those not treated by this inhibitor. Conclusion: Astrocytes and astrocytoma cell lines are significantly more infected by T. These results suggest that the upregulation of MCP-1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of toxoplasmic encephalitis and regulated by intracellular messengers.
Objective: To determine the immune cell targets of Yersinia Yops during infection. Background: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis colonises the gastrointestinal tract GI and associated lymphatic tissues, such as mesenteric lymph nodes MLN and Peyers' patches PP after orogastric infection of humans or mice. Colonisation requires Yersinia outer proteins YOPS , which are virulence factors that are translocated into mammalian cells by a type III secretion system where they inhibit cellular functions.
If a higher number of a yop mutant is recovered in the deficient mice compared with the nondeficient mice, then the mutant yop strain is more susceptible to phagocytes in the tissue studied. Hence, the missing Yop likely functions to neutralise the bactericidal effects of phagocytes. Results: Our results show that there is a high recovery of yopE mutant strain in the MLN, PP and caecum of the granulocyte-depleted mice. Conclusion: Our data documents the significant role of yopE and yopO in neutralising phagocytes during infection, specifically YopE is crucial to inhibit granulocytes function while YopO targets other CDexpressing cells.
Brown, N. Brown, B. Cookson, G. Duckworth, M. Farrington, G. French, L. King, D. Lewis, D. Livermore, B. Macrae, G. Scott, D. Williams, N. Introduction: Glycopeptide-resistant enterococci GRE have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens in recent years. As part of the Department of Health's programme of mandatory surveillance of Healthcare Associated Infection in England, a surveillance scheme for GRE bacteraemias is being developed.
A questionnaire was devised to obtain background data to inform the development of the proposed surveillance scheme. Objectives: i To establish current approaches to detection of GRE ii To review technical problems associated with detection and reporting of GRE iii To review issues related to the significance of reports of GRE bacteraemia and the comparability of data from different hospitals.
Specialist units such as bone marrow and liver transplantation units were the predominant sites for routine screening of patients' faeces for GRE. Routine reporting of these infections in was incomplete. A varied approach to the identification of enterococci from blood cultures and glycopeptide-susceptibility testing was observed.
Most laboratories could provide data on the clinical significance of GRE bacteraemias. A standardised procedural guideline is required if robust data are to be produced as part of a mandatory surveillance scheme in England.
Christidou, A. Gikas, E. Scoulica, G. Minadakis, M. Dialynas, I. Kyriakakis, M. Roumpelaki, J. Pediaditis, A. Georgiladakis, Y. Objectives: Two point prevalence studies were undertaken in order to investigate the intestinal colonisation with vancomycin-resistant enterococci VRE among the patients of our hospital. The first study took place on February 1, and the second 22 months later.
Methods: The prevalence studies were performed by the same methodology. All patients cared in high-risk departments including: the intensive care unit ICU , the cardiology intensive care unit CICU , the renal unit, and the neonatal unit were tested. Enterococci were identified by conventional methods. Glycopeptides susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion, Etest, and MIC agar dilution methods.
Results: The prevalence rate of VRE faecal carriers increased from VanA, vanB, and vanC prevalence rates in the first study were 1. In the first study, vanA-harbouring isolates were detected in ICU and renal unit only, but the second study revealed a further dissemination within the hospital. VRE prevalence in high-risk departments did not present any significant difference, but in surgical wards increased from The haematology, the nephrology, and the orthopaedic wards contributed significant number of VRE faecal carriers.
Species distribution in the first study was: E. Conclusion: Twenty-two months after the appearance of VRE in our hospital the prevalence of VRE faecal carriers increased, especially in surgical and medical wards. VanA isolates were detected in more wards and distributed in more species. Moretti, O. Bratfich, R. Stucchi, C. Levi, A. Levin, G. Duboc, E. Vormittag, D. Nosocomial dissemination of glycopeptide-resistant enteroccocci represents a major problem in hospitals worldwide.
In Brazil, the dissemination among hospitals in the city of Sao Paulo of polyclonal DNA profiles was previously described for vancomycin-resistant E. Objectives: To describe the dissemination of VanA phenotype E. Methods: The index outbreak occurred in a university hospital in the city of Sao Paulo HCUSP and 3 years later a cluster caused by the same strain was recognised in a tertiary care hospital located in the country side CMC. From May to July , 10 strains of E.
From May to July , three strains of vancomycin-resistant E. Results: All strains had the presence of the transposon Tn and were closely related when typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
Conclusions: The dissemination of VanA phenotype E. Cosentino, A. Corda, G. Podda, M. Pisano, T. Pisanu, M. Fadda Monserrato. Objectives: Enterococcus faecalis has long been identified as a cause of endocarditis, bacteraemia, urinary tract and neonatal infections.
Knowledge on the pathogenic factors of E. The aims of this work were to investigate the presence of known virulence determinants in E. Methods: Enterococcus faecalis strains were mainly isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. The following virulence genes, gelE gelatinase , esp enterococcal surface protein , agg aggregation substance and cylM post-translational modification of cytolysin were amplified by PCR using published specific primers. Production of gelatinase and haemolysin was also phenotypically determined.
In vitro susceptibilities of the clinical isolates towards 13 antibiotics were determined by the Vitek method. Several strains contained apparently silent gelE and cylM determinants, when comparing genotypic and phenotypic results. All the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and teicoplanin.
Conclusion: Our results confirm the presence of various virulence genes in clinical isolates of E. It is worth noting the generally low rate of antibiotic resistance in the clinical strains examined, especially when vancomycin-resistance is considered, if compared with data reported from other countries.
Prospero, A. Deplano, C. Nonhoff, F. Rost, B. Byl, M. Objective: To monitor the molecular epidemiology of high-level gentamicin-resistant E. Patients and methods: During the period —, a total of A total of patients were admitted at Erasme Hospital, a bed tertiary-care University Hospital. HLGRE incidence rate was monitored in the preintervention period 1 January to 30 April and the postintervention period 01 May to 31 December Type 1 was recovered predominantly during the preintervention period whereas types 3 and 4 were isolated during both periods.
Conclusions: Typing data showed a major shift in transmission of a few predominant HLGRE epidemic types in our hospital. There was continuous introduction of patients colonised with types that appear to be regionally endemic. Contact precautions appeared to have no significant impact on the long-term incidence of nosocomial acquisition of HLGRE. Objectives: Enterococcus spp. The emergence of enterococci as significant pathogens is a matter of concern because these organisms are inherently resistant to a multiple antimicrobials, especially Enterococcus faecium.
The aim in this study was to examined in vitro activities of different antimicrobial agents to Materials and methods: Between November and December a total 54 isolates of E. Results: There was an increase in the proportion of E. The strains were susceptible only to linezolid and glycopeptides.
Conclusion: The emergence of multidrug resistant E. The most important problems determined were the high frequencies of resistance to ampicillin, aminoglycosides and quinolones. The most active antimicrobials to which no resistance has been found were linezolid and glycopeptides. It is concluded that glycopeptide resistance is not yet an important problem for enterococcus isolates.
Objectives: To access the incidence, to recognise risk factors and describe location of specific tissue inflammation along with the outcome of patients with community acquired and nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia SAB , treated in a tertiary medical department.
Methods: This is retrospective study of patients who were hospitalised in a medical department, during 7-year period January to January Categorical variables were compared with Chi-square techniques. Results: During the 7-year period, 55 28 male, 33 female and 85 male, 97 female patients developed community acquired and nosocomial SAB corresponding to an incidence of 1 per person years and 3.
Risk factors for the developed of SAB bacteraemia in group A vs. Mortality was three 5. Conclusions: Among risk factors for community acquired SAB are injection drug use and diabetes mellitus, while for nosocomial SAB is use of corticosteroids and haematologic disorders.
Soft-tissue infection was more frequent on group of community-acquired SAB. Higher mortality rate was noticed in the group of nosocomial SAB. Finkelstein, I. Oren, I. Kassis, E. Braun, I. Mogilewski, S. Edelstein, F.
Nakhoul, H. Sprecher, A. Raz, Y. Agmon, S. Background: Staphylococcus aureus is probably the most important pathogen isolated from intravascular IV catheter-related CR bloodstream infections BSI. Methods: Prospective cohort registry started in August Transoesophageal echocardiography TEE was recommended for all patients and performed if an informed consent was obtained.
Results: During a period of 15 months, there were episodes of nosocomial S. These four cases of IE presented with at least one finding predisposing heart condition, clinical signs or persistent bacteraemia after removing the catheter that would have required TEE.
This preliminary data show that IE, as a complication of S. Objectives: Study of virulence factors of staphylococci isolated from patients with infected total hip prosthesis. Methods: Swabs sampled from inflamed places of total hip prosthesis THP of patients from 1st Department of Orthopaedics were examined by standard microbiological methods in the period from January to June Mec A gen detection was performed by PCR.
Production of slime was detected by use of congo red agar plates. IcaA gen in 11 selected strains was detected by PCR. The surface hydrophobicity in all staphylococcal strains was evaluated by method based on bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbon-xylene.
Haemolysins, coagulase, and DNase were tested by standard microbiological methods. All tested staphylococcal strains were vancomycin susceptible. In 11 CoNS a mixture of positive and negative for slime production in congo red method , icaA gen presence was tested.
Only three strains were icaA positive. Conclusions: Staphylococci were the most frequently isolated bacteria in patients with THP infection. The occurrence of methicillin-resistant CoNS is still rather high. This fact should be taken in account in the regular updating of antimicrobial pre-, and perioperative prophylaxis of THP patients. FitzGerald, F. Fitzpatrick, R. Crowley, H. Humphreys, E. Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection BSI is common amongst patients on renal dialysis and serious complications may follow.
Beaumont Hospital houses the national renal transplant unit and all patients with S. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the incidence, source and outcome of S. Antibiotic susceptibilities, source and outcome were recorded for each isolate. Results: There were patient episodes between January and December A total of blood cultures yielded S. The data for is currently being updated. Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus BSI is common amongst renal dialysis patients; infective endocarditis is a significant complication but the mortality is low.
Interventions to reduce the incidence are a priority in this compromised patient group. Objective: To determine the rates of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial strains of S. Methods: A total of S.
Patients were hospitalised in 17 hospitals in different parts of Russia — four in Central region, two in north-west region, three in south region, two in Volga region, three in Ural region, three in Siberia. Susceptibility testing and its interpretation were performed by agar dilution according to NCCLS guidelines where applicable.
Results of susceptibility testing are presented in the Table. Conclusions: i The overall rate of methicillin-resistance was Objectives: To evaluate phenotype properties of 67 strains of Staphylococcus hominis subsp. Methods: Isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci from clinically important material have been analysed using biochemistry identification system STAPHYtest Resistance to novobiocine was determined by a disc-diffusion test.
Susceptibility to antimicrobials was tested by quantitative dilution test. The results were confirmed in the National Reference Laboratory. Results: The majority of evaluated strains of Staphylococcus hominis subsp.
The glucose-novobiocine test was, however, in most cases false-positive. All strains were susceptible to teicoplanin and vancomycine. Slime was produced by Conclusions: In —, we have isolated from clinically important materials total of 67 strains of Staphylococcus hominis subsp. This recently recognised Staphylococcus subspecies mostly evades to be diagnosed, since it is missing in the database of majority of marketed diagnostic sets.
Strains of this subspecies manifest unusually high resistance to antimicrobials and significant production of virulence factors — namely slime and staphylococccal delta lysine. These properties can make it a dangerous nosocomial pathogen. Parschalk, H. Adametz, F. Yassin, A. Hirschl, W. Graninger, E. Background: In this analysis, 60 bloodstream isolates of patients with clinically defined infections and 60 nonpathogenic Staphylococcus epidermidis were investigated for particular genotypes responsible for infection.
Methods: During the years — blood stream isolates from 60 patients with S. Cases were matched with regard to hospital placement and time of bacteraemia. All isolates were typed by pulsed-field electrophoresis, and essayed for formation of biofilms in static biofilm model. Isolates were clustered by the unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages. Results: Thirty-one clusters of related or closely related strains were identified. Twelve small clusters with identical strains were identified occurring in 12 patients and in 11 controls.
Strains of three of the clusters only were isolated at the same ward at the same time strains of the other nine clusters were distributed over the whole hospital. Patients had infections of implanted pacemakers, central venous catheters and prosthetic valves.
They had significantly higher temperatures and a lower platelet count than controls Conclusion: Small clusters of S. Objectives: Biofilm formation on the surface of medical devices represents a serious problem that is magnified with the increasing use of prosthetic devices. The biofilm-forming bacteria difficult to eradicate with antibiotics often cause chronic infections. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration MIC , based on activities of antimicrobial agents against planctonic bacteria, is conventionally used for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Biofilm phenotypes have different susceptibility profiles. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance profiles of 45 blood culture-isolates, which were biofilm-positive by genotypic and phenotypic methods. Methods: The 45 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains repeatedly isolated from blood cultures were used in this study.
All isolates were ica-positive and showed the phenotypic ability to form biofilm. As the control, five ica-negative, biofilm-negative strains were used. For the antibiotic testing, the plates of polystyrene with 96 pegs that fit into standard microtitre plates were used. The pegs of the plates were coated with poly-L-lysine and transferred into microtitre plate with a fresh overnight culture of staphylococcal strains to enable primary adhesion.
For the quantification of attached cells sonification was used. After 18 h of biofilm formation the plates were transferred into microtitre plates containing logarithmic dilutions of antibiotics penicillin, oxacillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, teicoplanin and vancomycin.
After overnight cultivation the plates were transferred into colorimetric medium, which indicates metabolic activity of surviving cells. The changes of the medium were detected spectrophotometrically. The MBEC was determined as the minimal concentration of antibiotics that eradicates the bacteria and so inhibits their metabolic activity.
Results and conclusions: All the tested strains showed drastically higher resistance to all the above-mentioned antibiotics when tested in biofilm form. All antibiotics exceeded maximal concentrations achievable in human plasma. That explains why the treatment of these infections with normal dosage of antibiotics often fails.
Khatibi, E. Bonnet, M. Archambaud, G. Giordano, B. Chaminade, P. Bonnevialle, C. Cauhepe, R. Bauriaud, B. Marchou, P. Objectives: To describe epidemiological and clinical features, and outcome of 17 cases of S. Patients and methods: We conducted a retrospective study over a 7-year period — in two orthopaedic-traumatological units.
Inclusion criteria were: patients with articular signs or fistula, positive pure cultures for S. First identtification criteria for S. Criteria for a favourable outcome were: lack of pain, disability or local inflammatory signs. Results: Our study included 17 patients 10 male and seven female. Mean age was 56 years 30— Seven patients had comorbidity factors history of cancer: three, rheumatoid arthritis: one, rheumatoid spondylitis: one, diabetes mellitus: two.
Fifteen had a bone or joint foreign body joint prosthesis: nine hip: five, knee: four , osteosynthesis: six. Mean time between surgical operation and S. Twelve patients had local inflammatory signs, only four had fever.
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